Where Did Phobos and Deimos Come From

Mars has always fascinated humans. The Red Planet holds many mysteries, which our landers and probes are helping scientists solve. Among them is the question of where the two Martian moons came from and how they got there. Phobos and Deimos look more like asteroids than moons, and that has caused many planetary scientists to look for their origin somewhere else in the solar system. Others maintain that those moons may have formed when Mars did or are the result of some catastrophic event early in the history of the solar system. Chances are good that when the first missions land on Phobos, rock samples will tell a more definitive story about these mysterious companion moons. Asteroid Capture Theory One clue about the origins of Phobos and Deimos lies in their makeup. Both have many characteristics in common with two types of asteroids common in the belt: C- and D-type asteroids. These are carbonaceous (meaning they are rich in the element carbon, which bonds easily with other elements). Also, judging by the look of Phobos, its easy to assume that it and its sister moon Deimos  are both  captured objects from the Asteroid Belt. This is not an unlikely scenario.  After all asteroids break free from the belt all the time. This happens as a result of collisions, gravitational perturbations, and other random interactions that affect an asteroids orbit and send it off in a new direction.  Then, should one of them stray too close to a planet, like Mars, the planets gravitational pull could confine the interloper to a new orbit.   If these ARE captured asteroids, then there are many questions about how they could have settled into such circular orbits over the history of the solar system. Its possible that Phobos and Deimos could have been a binary pair, bound together by gravity when they were captured. Over time, they would have separated into their current orbits.   Its possible that early Mars was surrounded by many of these types of asteroids. They could have been the result of a collision between Mars and another solar system body in the early history of the planets. If this did happen, it could explain why Phoboss composition is closer to the makeup of Marss surface than that of an asteroid from space.   Large Impact Theory That brings up the idea that Mars suffered a large collision very early in its history. This is similar to the idea that Earths Moon  is the result of an impact between our infant planet and a planetesimal named Theia.  In both cases, such an impact caused a large amount of mass to be ejected into outer space. Both impacts would have sent a  hot, plasma-like material into a concentric orbit about the  infant planets. For Earth, the ring of  molten rock eventually gathered together and formed the Moon.   Despite the look of Phobos and Deimos, some astronomers have suggested that perhaps these tiny orbs formed in a similar way around Mars. Perhaps the best evidence for an asteroidal origin is the presence of a mineral called phyllosilicates on the surface of Phobos. Its common on the surface of Mars, an indication that Phobos formed from the Martian substrate. However, composition argument isnt the only indication that Phobos and Deimos may have originated from Mars itself. There is also the question of their orbits. Theyre nearly circular. They are also very near to Mars equator. Captured asteroids likely wouldnt settle into such precise orbits, but material splashed out during an impact and then accreted over time could explain the orbits of the two moons. Exploration of Phobos and Deimos During the past decades of Mars exploration, various spacecraft have looked at both moons in some detail. But, more information is needed. The best way to get it is to do an in-situ exploration.  That means send a probe to land on one or both of these moons. To do it right, planetary scientists would send a lander to grab some soil and rocks and return it to Earth for study). Alternatively, when humans start to explore Mars in person, part of a mission could be diverted to land people on the moons to do a more nuanced geological study. Either one would satisfy peoples urge to know just how those moons came to be where they are in orbit around Mars.

Waking Life - 1145 Words

Most (i didnt really even know what to make of it. its the kid from that movie dazed and confused basically trying to find out the meaning of life and his identity and shit.. and hes like constantly in this dreamworld.. that he cannot seem to wake up of.. he cannot differentiate his dreams from reality. so one of the points is that there is no waking life...there is life and nothing else....each experience is an experience, nothing more or nothing less, each has the same value...the things you experience in your dreams are life itself... also...a lot of stress on wherever you are is the place to be...accept that every moment has the potential for greatness Waking Life is clearly an experiment, and, as such, looks and feels much†¦show more content†¦It merely presents thoughts to get you thinking. At its core, all this movie is is a bunch of people jabbering about what they think life and death are, what they mean, and how they relate to each other. Part of the rub that actually makes all this a good thing is that these people, whether you agree with them or not, say very interesting things. Most (though not all) is garden variety level coffee shop theorizing, but the ideas are so well expressed that they dont require a doobie toke to be engaging. Theres so much to explore and discuss in Waking Life that this review could lack a central focus or structure. it was such a joy to watch. the artistry was fucking incredible. But I digressÂâ€"the lack of structure. While it does nothing more than meander, the thread that ties it all is found in the concept itself, that concept being this film is all just the dream of one young twenty-something. This unnamed dreamer (voiced by Linklater vet Wiley Wiggins) literally floats around from person to person, engaging some while eavesdropping on others. Growing more and more conscious of his dream-state in the process, the dreamer realizes hes trapped, falling out of one dream-state and into another. Pretty soon he begins to wonderÂ…is this life itself? . Whether it be with a concept, an idea, a person, or with God, its clear that the shared motivation is the longing for connection. Some force it by looking too hard forShow MoreRelatedThomas Descartes s Dream Argument And The Dream Paradox 2319 Words   |  10 PagesIn the First Meditation Descartes famously presented his ‘dream argument’ or ‘dream paradox’ in which he questions how we can distinguish between dreams and waking life. In this essay, I will explore various responses to the argument such as Hobbes and Locke and how I think Descartes would dismiss these arguments. I will finally present my own criticism alongside the work of Austin, Simpson and Ryle in order to illustrate the inconsistency of Descartes claims. In order to deconstruct the dream paradoxRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Waking Life1102 Words   |  5 Pages In Waking Life by Richard Linklater, the main character has a dream in which he ended up in a boat shaped car with two random men he had never met. During this car ride, he gets wisdom regarding how his decisions ultimately shape his life through the words of the driver and the decisions displayed by the random stranger in the backseat with him. While these things are being decided he is shown in the film as always plain and boring, with the tone of his voice never changing, the eyes always closedRead More Four Critics’ Perspective of Theodore Roethkes Elegy for Jane771 Words   |  4 Pagesslightly, but also the deaths of us all (138-39). Jane presents one aspect of woman in The Waking collection (1953): Ross-Bryant views Jane as a young girl who is dead. The poem expresses concern with the coming of death. This poignant elegy is presented through the voice of one who loved Jane. The poem presents the feelings of loss suffered by Roethke at the death of a young girl who loved life and exulted in earthly things. Roethke describes Jane in terms of flowers and birds; he revealsRead MoreTheodore Roethke Research Paper1618 Words   |  7 Pagescredit to the influence of many great and notable writers. Including Emily Dickinson, John Donne, and William Blake, and admiring the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Thoreau, and William Yeats (Kalaidjian). Throughout Theodore Roethke’s life he was very successful. From going to school, teaching, writing, and overcoming depression. He began traveling to different states and countries with his wife, giving presentations and writing columns. Unfortunately while visiting a close friendRead MoreAnalysis Of Theodore Roethke s The Waking 1335 Words   |  6 PagesThough Theodore Roethke firmly lived his life in the modernist age, his works strongly echo the transcendentalist way of writing comparable to Waldo or Emerson; however, he personalized this form of writing through his own personal experiences. The foundations of his style of writing have strong origins in his childhood, where his family’s naturalistic lifestyle inspired him and where he developed a deep connection to the natural world through the greenhouses that his family managed. Due to thisRead MoreBravery - Bravery And Courage992 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen six months since that fateful day, and every follow ing day has been a struggle to bring some normalcy back to his life. Ninety percent of his hearing eventually returned, and therapy aided in the quick recovery of the use of his arms and hands; his ability to stand and walk proved to be more daunting tasks. His brother-in-law, Leon, enters his room with two cups of coffee, waking his wife when he says, Finally...the sleeping hero awakens! You were asleep when we arrived so we decided to letRead MoreFires Burnt Anew: Why I Love the Band Weezer634 Words   |  2 Pagesand the people we met and feel content with the life we lived. Today with the introduction of Instagram and Facebook, photos are treated much differently. The word â€Å"picture† has been needlessly shortened to â€Å"pic,† a photo-worthy event has stooped to such mundane events as eating a meal, and the number one most photographed things are the photographers themselves with the invention of the selfie. As our Internet generation strives to capture every waking moment, the value of these moments fades likeRead More Self: Plunging into the Other Side of the Mirror Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pageswould make anything of it, ponder its repercussions, question the greater impact of this first awakening. It is n ot an emotional, sexual, or intellectual awakening, no: it is a subtle and important transition from the world of the oblivious to the waking world of self-consciousness. As a very young child, I looked for myself in any reflective surface I could find. I would crane my neck to find that swish of long blonde hair, that crinkled little blue eye, playing a childish game of hide-and-seekRead MoreThe Death Of Joseph Miller s The Cradle Mattress 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesflopped backward, devoid of all vitality. A period of depression and seclusion engulfed Eugene’s life following the manifestation of his past. Nightmares bereaved him of sleep. Memories of the men, assassinated by his hands accompanied his every waking moment. This pit of obscurity would have extinguished Eugene if it had not been for Nessa. She had demonstrated a better way, a new purpose, a new life. Depression transformed into bliss. Demons, that once tormented his existence, were cast into theRead MoreCan You Tell Me?1409 Words   |  6 Pagesplastered on my face for as long as I can remember. And remember I do, even though I try so hard to forget. Isn’t it cruel how the memories that we desperately want to erase are the ones that we can never shake? These memories haunt me every waking moment of my life†¦and sometimes follow me into the land of dreams. As if watching them constantly replay in my head during the day isn’t enough! Sometimes they are nothing more than a fragment; a single word, hateful eyes boring holes into the back of my head

Why Is Act 3 Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare, the play is based on forbidden love and deathly consequences. The beginning of the play starts with a prologue, the main point of this is to get the audience’s attention and set the scene but to also explain the whole outline of the play. By doing this Shakespeare is also acknowledging one of the main themes of the play, which is fate. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3 Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the prologue Shakespeare chooses to use a lot of violent language- â€Å"Their death†¦ Civil blood makes civil hands unclean†¦ Parents rage†¦ †-. Blood is associated with fighting and battles; ‘Rage’ is a strong word, hinting towards anger. This establishes the violent, angry mood of the play. However, the prologue also informs the audience other themes involved in the play. Fate plays a big part in the play, we learn that the two lovers meeting will lead to unfortunate events happening, -â€Å"A pair of star crossed lovers take their life†¦ †-, this quote is saying that their death is inevitable and this also links in with the violent theme. Also by telling the audience how the play is going to end, this then becomes fate in action as the audience know what’s going to happen next. This is a good use of dramatic irony because we learn the outcomes of the play and all through it we know what will happen if a character chooses a certain path. The prologue also hints that we aren’t meant to on anyone’s side-â€Å"Two houses both alike†¦ †- the two rival families are both the same and so this gives us the chance to make our minds up. In the first scene, we see a street brawl between the servants of the two families; this first scene shows us how the hatred has run through not just the family but the servants also,-â€Å"When I have fought with men, I will be cruel with the maids- I will cut off their maiden heads†¦ †-, this shows how violent the feud has become because even the servants are talking about raping the oppositions maids. ‘Maiden heads’ was a slang word for virginity. In the first scene we meet Benvolio, a Montague, and we quickly learn that he is the peace maker, â€Å"Put your swords up, you know not what you do†¦ this shows that he is not a fighter, he just wants to keep the peace. Also the quote reminds us of when Jesus who said, â€Å"Forgive them father of their sins, for they know not what they do†¦ †-. This suggests that innocent people may die for others. We are also introduced to Tyblat, who is a Capulet filled with rage for the Montague’s an d the word peace, â€Å"I hate the word, as I hate hell†¦ † he is one of the characters who will instigate a fight. The next important scene is The Capulet Ball, where Romeo and Juliet first meet. It is also when Tyblat swears that although he is not dealing with the Montague’s intrusion now he will later,† I will withdraw, but this intrusion shall, now seeming sweet, convert to the bitterest gall†¦ † ‘Gall’ means poison, which makes us think of pain and suffering, thus building up the tension. Once again Shakespeare shows that Tyblat is nothing more than a big ball of rage, however this is very important as it starts the chain of events that would lead to the death of the two lovers. As Romeo first spots Juliet he uses very descriptive words to describe the way she looks, he is fascinated by her beauty, †Beauty to rich to use†¦ , he also sees her as a rare thing, as if he’s never seen someone so beautiful, â€Å"Snowy doves trooping with the crows†¦ †. We also learn that Romeo can change his mind incredibly quickly because at the beginning of the play he seems to be ‘in love’ with a Rosaline, whil st talking about her he uses a lot of oxymoron’s,† Sick health†¦ †, this shows us his confusion from an early point in the play, although when he sees Juliet he claims to be ‘in love’, from this we learn that he is very indecisive and can’t make up his own mind, â€Å"Did my heart not love till now? , this question hints at his indecisiveness and confusion. When Romeo and Juliet finally meet the moment is very child like, they just stare and move around each other almost as if to scared to touch. They also speak in the form of a sonnet to show the love that is building up between them. The famous balcony scene is also a huge step towards the oncoming events. As Romeo climbs over the orchard garden Juliet is talking to herself on her balcony. In this part the two lovebirds confess their undying love to each other and decide to get married the next day. Whilst claiming to love each other it all seems very serious but it’s just seems like simple child’s play as everything happens within twenty four hours, including a marriage. The marriage is conducted by the Friar who mysteriously states, â€Å"These violent delights have violent endings, and their triumphs die, like fire and powder†¦ † the first bit of the quote links with the violent theme of the play, even the Friar himself sees that Romeo and Juliet getting married would end badly, however he still agrees to marry them. The most important scene of all is act three scene one, this after the wedding and where finally everything unfolds. Also as this scene is filled with violence it contrasts with the past scene of the wedding, which is a juxte position of love and hate, which makes the fighting more shocking and harder to take in. In act 3 scene 1, Tyblat turns up at the beach to fight with Romeo but ends up having a short comedic fight with Mercutio but there is no violence just funny comments, â€Å"Here’s my fiddlesticks, here’s that you shall make you dance†¦ , Mercutio is making a small mockery of Tyblat and this slack attitude results in the anger within Tyblat building which would lead to the death of Mercutio. However as Romeo arrives the mood of the whole play changes. As Tyblat approaches Romeo, Romeo had just come from his wedding to Tyblat cousin Juliet, and so when Tyblat asks Romeo to fight, Romeo suddenly claims to love Tyblat and uses that as an excuse not to fight, â€Å"But love thee better than thou canst devise†¦ †, I think that this aggravates Tyblat even more, as he feels that Romeo is just making fun of him. As Romeo backs down Mercutio gets angry because he is very proud and sees the backing down as â€Å"O calm dishonourable, vile submission†¦ † This comments leads to brawl between Mercutio and Tyblat, this ends in the unfortunate death of Mercutio. As he realises that he is dying, Mercutio leaves the audience with something to think about. â€Å"A plague of both your houses. † The death of Mercutio hits Romeo the hardest as he was his closest companion. Romeo begins to fill with rage and goes after Tyblat, who had previously run off. Once he has found Tyblat, Romeo looses all sense of control, â€Å"Doom thee to death†¦ † the alliteration of the hard‘d’ makes us think of pain, as it’s a hard sound, making the audience think of death. Everything that happens before this was a build up to act three scene one, from the ball to the marriage. Romeo is the main character who we learn more and more about as the play progresses. In the beginning he is a soppy teenager and determined that he is ‘in love’ with Rosaline yet when he sees Juliet her perks up and changes his mind almost immediately. He believes strongly in fate and he uses it as an excuse to justify his actions and as a way of not taking responsibility, â€Å"Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars- but he that hath the steerage of my course, direct my sail†¦ † He knew that there would be some consequence if he went to the ball, yet he still went and it resulted in the death of his closest friend and a member of a rival family. Romeo is reluctant to change the ‘chosen path’ that has been laid out for him; he feels he isn’t responsible for his own actions. I think the speech reveals that Romeo’s state of mind isn’t really all there, he seems to be omewhere else, he is willing to let everyone else take responsibility for him, he seems really deep yet stupid. e. g. I blame him for the death of Mercutio, because if he had not been so cowardly and had just fought Tyblat himself, then Mercutio would have not felt the need to intervene. Fate is the main theme of the play , it seems that every action is able to be linked with the theme fate; when Tyblat states, â€Å"This intrusion shall, now seeming sweet, convert into the bitterest gall†¦ † and so that was the reason he went looking for Romeo and that lead to his own death. We the modern audience didn’t really believe in the whole fate thing as we know that is not possible because science and technology has proved it. Although, Elizabethans would have been more inclined to believe it, they didn’t really know much about science and so believed what they were told. Personally I think that it’s the parent’s fault that the events unfolded the way they did, because if they had the courage to put aside their differences and just be civil none of the unfortunate events would have happened, yet they chose to carry on quarrelling which resulted in the death of their own children and family members. Comparing the 2 film versions of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† Zeffirelli This version is very traditional and is filmed in Verona itself, it keeps very much to the original script. The actors wore traditional clothing which would have been worn by the original actors who performed the play first. Throughout the film it is very dull and has a lack of colour, it isn’t eye catching and doesn’t give people a lot of things to get excited about. The fighting from act 3 scene 1 wasn’t very realistic looking and didn’t look like fighting at all. In this version of the film they wear very old fashioned clothes and they are totally different to the Luhrmann film. Luhrmann Not as traditional as the Zeffirelli version, it still sticks to the script. Instead of swords like the older one, it has guns and it has a lot of action scenes. The Montague’s and Capulet’s are seen as 2 gangs who both hate each other. They also wear more modern clothes and the 2 groups wear entirely different outfits. In this version the director chooses to skip between Juliet, who has just been married and Romeo and Tyblat fighting, this is a good use of juxte position as the audience doesn’t really know what to feel. I preferred the Luhrmann film more than the Zeffirelli version, I liked that it was more modern and it was easy to understand, the actors were very good and I could relate to their characters more. I liked the idea that the Montague’s and the Capulet’s were both seen as gangs and I liked the costumes that they all wore. I defiantly prefer the newer version more and would defiantly watch it again! In overall act three scene one is the main turning point in the play because up till then, Romeo and Juliet the play is seen as comedic, no real threatening events have happened and its all light and airy, however when the mood changes and people start fighting and killing each other, different emotions are brought out from the audiences watching it. All the characters seemed to have changed as the play progressed and it’s because of the characters personalities, if Romeo hadn’t been so irresponsible then he would have never gone to the ball thus Tyblat would have no reason to seek revenge for the gate crash and this also means that Mercutio would have never been killed. It’s the main point of the play and creates tension and suspense that is needed for the audience watching to really get into the play. It’s where the play where it becomes a tragedy, two of the main characters, Tybalt and Mercutio have been killed. The build up to this has been from Acts 1 2 and what happens after those two acts causes the two characters to be killed. From then on it also makes the two â€Å"star crossed lovers† to commit suicide, If act 3 scene 1 hadn’t happened then the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet would not have occurred, basically it is seen that fate brought the end to the both of the lovers. I feel that the play would be seen in many different ways, depending on who was watching it and also what period of time they were in. Modern teenagers watching it would How to cite Why Is Act 3 Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet?, Papers

BTWC, Family Essay free essay sample

The phrase to set himself free Is used a lot throughout a bridge to Washmans cove, whether it Is to do with family Issues or Just common everyday tasks. Carl Is constantly trying to let himself free and sometimes succeeds but other times doesnt. Some examples are that if hell see his mother or every stop looking after his little brother Harley. Throughout A bridge Washmans cove he goes through a mental Journey facing evil family member (usually Beryl) and friends.An example of setting himself free is at he end of the novel where throughout the book where he has been looking after Harley, feeding him, caring for him and most Importantly keeping him out of trouble. Such as when Harley Is caught stealing from the local store, by the time he gets back to Aunt Beryls house she lashes out and threatens to kick Harley out but Carl intervenes and give Beryl some of the money that Sarah gave him earlier on in the book so that she can be kind to Harley. We will write a custom essay sample on BTWC, Family Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So by the end of the book when Harley moves in with the Dunces.Carl feels a sense of relief and freedom, because he no longer as the responsibility for Harley and he no longer has to worry about him. When Beryl chains Harley up, Carl finds the courage to confront her at the bowls club where she has been all day playing the pokies. If youd stayed with him, kept an eye on him, if you cared about him, he wouldnt get into trouble. This is another part of the book where Carl sets himself free he finally sets free how much he despises aunt Beryl, she has been mean and cruel to them and trying to find any reason to kick them out.So this is when Carl sets free how he feels and puts his foot down. Another example f setting himself free Is also at the end of the book when Carl finds out that whilst on her way home from her holiday Kerry died In a bus crash. Carl Matt opened up too, letting go and feeling a freedom flood Into him he knew at last that he was alive to feel it (page 241) this moment was probably one of the biggest revelations for Carl as he finally felt the sense of freedom as he was always wondering when his mum would return or if she would return.So when he finally finds out that his mother had died of course he felt sad and depressed but at the same time he felt loser and freedom as he TLD have to worry about her or TLD have to always be thinking of If she will come and pick him up. This Is a very Important part of the novel as the premise of the book is based on family and love but Carl and Harley dont have either all they have is each other so when they find out their mum is dead it hits them hard but also sets them free.One last example of letting himself free is whilst Carl is working at Skips barge. Because working on the barge helps Carl get away from all his troubles and more Importantly the people that dont acce pt him such as Beryl. Whilst working on the barge Carl finds the freedom to try a lot of new things. Motto love that barge, dont you, Carl? . .. Youre the best thing that could have happened. Finally people were starting to notice Carl, then he had the freedom to show himself.Throughout the book he was shown as a very shy, lonely and awkward kid who didnt know many people and didnt really talk or try to communicate with them. Carl shared in.. . The freedom of the bird itself. Elation, freedom. He felt them both (page 158) in some sense Carl wished that he was the bird so that he could fly irking at the barge by the end of the book he still senses a feel of freedom being away from everyone and having somewhere Just to relax and forget all of your troubles.To conclude Carl found many ways to find freedom whether it was mental or emotional freedom. The ways he exampled freedom in the text were standing up to Aunt Beryl for Harley sack, working at the local barge and finally he having the freedom to stop worrying about is mother as he didnt know she died on her way back home. So by the end of the novel Carl found the freedom for a lot of things and didnt regret any of the decisions he made.